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The term Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) (spraying) is used in the context of pesticide application. Ultra-low volume application of pesticides has been defined as spraying at a (Volume Application Rate ) (VAR) of less than 5 L/ha for field crops or less than 50 L/ha for tree/bush crops.〔(Matthews, G.A. ) (2000) ''Pesticide Application Methods'' 3rd Edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 432 pages.〕 VARs of 0.25 – 2 l/ha are typical for aerial ULV application to forest or migratory pests. ULV spraying is a well-established spraying technique〔Maas, W. (1971) ''ULV Application and Formulation Techniques''. NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven, NL. 165 pages.〕 and remains the standard method of locust control with pesticides and is also widely used by cotton farmers in central-southern and western Africa. It has also been used in massive aerial spraying campaigns against disease vectors such as the tse-tse fly. A major benefit of ULV application is high work rate (i.e. hectares can be treated in one day). It is a good option if all (or some) of these conditions apply: * large area of land to treat * rapid response required * little or no water for making pesticide tank mixtures * logistical problems for supplies * difficult terrain: poor access to target site ==Equipment== ULV equipment is designed to produce very small droplets, thus ensuring even coverage with low volumes. The equipment is based on aerosol, air-shear (mistblowers, exhaust gas sprayers) or better still, rotary nozzle techniques.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sprayers and other Application Equipment )〕 An electrostatic charge may be applied to the droplets to aid their distribution and impaction (on earthed targets), but commercial equipment is rare at present. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ultra-low volume」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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